Other Part Numbers:
BRExhaust #mag250-065
⚠ WARNING:
Cancer and Reproductive Harm
https://www.P65Warnings.ca.gov
| Vehicle Make/Model | Year | Trims |
|---|---|---|
| BMW 528i | 1999-2000 | Base |
| Buick Enclave | 2009-2013 | CXL |
| Buick Enclave | 2009-2011 | CX |
| Buick Enclave | 2012-2013 | Base |
| Buick Enclave | 2014-2017 | Premium |
| Buick Enclave | 2014-2017 | Convenience |
| Buick Enclave | 2014-2017 | Leather |
| Buick Rainier | 2006-2007 | CXL |
| Buick Rendezvous | 2002-2007 | CX |
| Buick Rendezvous | 2002-2003, 2005 | CXL Plus |
| Buick Rendezvous | 2002-2007 | CXL |
| Buick Rendezvous | 2002-2003, 2005 | CX Plus |
| Buick Rendezvous | 2004-2005 | Ultra |
| Cadillac Escalade | 2002-2006 | Base |
| Cadillac Escalade ESV | 2003-2006 | Base |
| Cadillac Escalade EXT | 2002-2006 | Base |
| Chevrolet Astro | 1996-2005 | LT |
| Chevrolet Astro | 1996-2005 | LS |
| Chevrolet Astro | 1996-2005 | Base |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Sport |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Z71 LS |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Z85 LS |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Sport LS |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004, 2006-2008 | LS |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Z71 |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2012 | Base |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2004-2005 | Z85 |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2006-2012 | LT |
| Chevrolet Colorado | 2006-2012 | WT |
| Chevrolet Equinox | 2005-2009 | LT |
| Chevrolet Equinox | 2005-2009 | LS |
| Chevrolet Equinox | 2008-2009 | LTZ |
| Chevrolet Equinox | 2008-2009 | Sport |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2006-2011 | LTZ |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2006-2009 | SS |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2006-2011 | LT |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2006-2011 | LS |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2006-2011 | Police |
| Chevrolet Impala | 2008 | 50th Anniversary Edition |
| Chevrolet Monte Carlo | 2006 | LS |
| Chevrolet Monte Carlo | 2006 | LTZ |
| Chevrolet Monte Carlo | 2006 | LT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2006 | Base |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2002 | Cheyenne |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2005 | 400 SS |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2002 | Custom |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2004 | LT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2001-2004 | LS |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 | 2004 | WT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD | 2001-2006 | LT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD | 2001-2005 | Base |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD | 2001-2006 | LS |
| Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD | 2003-2006 | WT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 | 2006 | HD |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 | 2006 | LS |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 | 2006 | WT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 | 2006-2007 | Base |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 | 2006 | LT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 Classic | 2007 | WT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 Classic | 2007 | LT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 Classic | 2007 | LS |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 HD | 2007 | WT |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 HD | 2007 | LTZ |
| Chevrolet Silverado 3500 HD | 2007 | LT |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2007 | B |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2007 | LS |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2009 | LT |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2007 | A |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2008 | Base |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer | 2006-2009 | SS |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer EXT | 2006 | LT |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer EXT | 2006 | LS |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer EXT | 2006 | Base |
| Chevrolet Trailblazer EXT | 2006 | B |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2009-2016 | LTZ |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2009-2017 | LT |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2009-2017 | LS |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2011, 2015-2016 | Base |
| Chevrolet Traverse | 2017 | Premier |
| Chrysler 300 | 2005-2010 | Touring |
| Chrysler 300 | 2005-2010 | Base |
| Chrysler 300 | 2005-2010 | Limited |
| Chrysler 300 | 2008-2009 | LX |
| Chrysler 300 | 2009 | Signature Series |
| Chrysler 300 | 2010 | S |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2008 | Touring Premium |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2008-2010 | Touring |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2008-2010 | LX |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2008-2010 | Limited |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2010 | Touring Plus |
| Chrysler Town & Country | 2010 | Walter P. Chrysler Signature Series |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2010 | Pursuit |
| Dodge Charger | 2006 | Daytona R/T |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2010 | SRT8 |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2010 | R/T |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2010 | SXT |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2010 | SE |
| Dodge Charger | 2006-2007 | Base |
| Dodge Charger | 2007-2008 | SRT8 Super Bee |
| Dodge Dakota | 1997-2003 | SLT |
| Dodge Dakota | 1997-2003 | Sport |
| Dodge Dakota | 1997-2003 | Base |
| Dodge Dakota | 1998-2003 | R/T |
| Dodge Dakota | 2002 | SXT |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2008 | Value Package |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2008-2010 | C/V |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2008-2010 | SXT |
| Dodge Grand Caravan | 2008-2010 | SE |
| Dodge Magnum | 2005-2008 | SE |
| Dodge Magnum | 2005-2008 | SXT |
| Dodge Magnum | 2005-2008 | R/T |
| Dodge Magnum | 2005 | SXT Special Edition |
| Dodge Magnum | 2006-2008 | SRT8 |
| Dodge Magnum | 2006-2007 | Base |
| Dodge Sprinter 2500 | 2003-2006 | Base |
| Dodge Sprinter 3500 | 2003-2006 | Base |
| Ford E-150 | 2002-2003, 2005-2007 | XL |
| Ford E-150 | 2003, 2005-2007 | Base |
| Ford E-150 | 2006-2007 | Chateau |
| Ford E-150 | 2006-2007 | XLT |
| Ford E-150 Club Wagon | 2003, 2005 | XLT |
| Ford E-150 Club Wagon | 2003, 2005 | XL |
| Ford E-150 Club Wagon | 2003, 2005 | Chateau |
| Ford E-150 Econoline | 1997-2002, 2007 | Base |
| Ford E-150 Econoline | 1997-2000 | XL |
| Ford E-150 Econoline Club Wagon | 1997-2002 | Chateau |
| Ford E-150 Econoline Club Wagon | 1997-2000 | Custom |
| Ford E-150 Econoline Club Wagon | 1997-2002 | XLT |
| Ford E-150 Econoline Club Wagon | 2001-2002 | XL |
| Ford E-250 | 2003, 2005-2007 | Base |
| Ford E-250 Econoline | 1997-2002 | Base |
| Ford E-250 Econoline | 1997-2000 | XL |
| Ford Expedition | 1997-2002 | Eddie Bauer |
| Ford Expedition | 1997-2002 | XLT |
| Ford Expedition | 1997 | XLT Plus |
| Ford Explorer | 2006 | XLS |
| Ford Explorer | 2006-2010 | XLT |
| Ford Explorer | 2006-2010 | Limited |
| Ford Explorer | 2006-2010 | Eddie Bauer |
| Ford Explorer | 2010 | XLT Base |
| Ford Explorer Sport Trac | 2007-2010 | Base |
| Ford Explorer Sport Trac | 2007-2010 | Limited |
| Ford Explorer Sport Trac | 2007-2010 | XLT |
| Ford F-150 | 1997-2008 | XLT |
| Ford F-150 | 1997-2008 | Lariat |
| Ford F-150 | 1997-2008 | XL |
| Ford F-150 | 1997-2000 | Base |
| Ford F-150 | 1998-1999 | Austera |
| Ford F-150 | 1999-2003 | Lightning |
| Ford F-150 | 2000-2003, 2006-2008 | Harley-Davidson Edition |
| Ford F-150 | 2001-2003, 2005-2008 | King Ranch |
| Ford F-150 | 2004-2008 | STX |
| Ford F-150 | 2004-2008 | FX4 |
| Ford F-150 | 2004-2008 | Flotillera |
| Ford F-150 | 2007-2008 | FX2 |
| Ford F-150 | 2008 | XTR |
| Ford F-150 | 2008 | THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION |
| Ford F-150 | 2008 | Limited |
| Ford F-150 Heritage | 2004 | XLT |
| Ford F-150 Heritage | 2004 | XL |
| Ford F-150 Heritage | 2004 | SVT Lightning |
| Ford F-250 | 1995-1996 | Eddie Bauer |
| Ford F-250 | 1995-1996 | Special |
| Ford F-250 | 1995-1999 | XL |
| Ford F-250 | 1995-1999 | XLT |
| Ford F-250 | 1995, 1997-1999 | Base |
| Ford F-250 | 1996-1999 | XLT VIP |
| Ford F-250 | 1997-1999 | Lariat |
| Ford F-250 HD | 1997 | XL |
| Ford F-250 HD | 1997 | XLT |
| Ford F-250 Super Duty | 1999 | XLT |
| Ford F-250 Super Duty | 1999 | Lariat |
| Ford F-250 Super Duty | 1999 | XL |
| Ford F-350 | 1995 | Eddie Bauer |
| Ford F-350 | 1995-1997 | XL |
| Ford F-350 | 1995-1996 | Special |
| Ford F-350 | 1995-1997 | XLT |
| Ford F-350 | 1996-1997 | Base |
| Ford Mustang | 2005-2010 | Base |
| Ford Mustang | 2005-2008 | GT |
| Ford Mustang | 2007-2008 | Shelby GT |
| Ford Mustang | 2007-2009 | Lujo |
| Ford Mustang | 2008-2009 | Bullitt |
| Ford Mustang | 2008 | Shelby GT500 |
| Ford Mustang | 2009-2010 | Shelby |
| GMC Acadia | 2009-2017 | SLE |
| GMC Acadia | 2009-2017 | SLT |
| GMC Acadia | 2009-2012 | Base |
| GMC Acadia | 2010-2013, 2016-2017 | SL |
| GMC Acadia | 2011-2017 | Denali |
| GMC Acadia | 2015-2016 | SLT1 |
| GMC Acadia | 2015-2016 | SLT2 |
| GMC Acadia Limited | 2017 | Base |
| GMC Canyon | 2004, 2006-2012 | SLE |
| GMC Canyon | 2004-2005 | Z71 Fleet |
| GMC Canyon | 2004-2005 | Z85 SLE |
| GMC Canyon | 2004, 2006-2008 | SL |
| GMC Canyon | 2004-2005 | Z71 SL |
| GMC Canyon | 2004-2005 | Z71 SLE |
| GMC Canyon | 2004-2005 | Z85 SL |
| GMC Canyon | 2006-2012 | SLT |
| GMC Canyon | 2006-2012 | WT |
| GMC Canyon | 2007-2012 | Base |
| GMC Envoy | 2006-2009 | SLE |
| GMC Envoy | 2006-2009 | Denali |
| GMC Envoy | 2006-2009 | SLT |
| GMC Envoy XL | 2006 | SLT |
| GMC Envoy XL | 2006 | Denali |
| GMC Envoy XL | 2006 | SLE |
| GMC Safari | 1996-2000 | SL |
| GMC Safari | 1996-2000 | SLT |
| GMC Safari | 1996-1998 | SLX |
| GMC Safari | 1996-1997 | Base |
| GMC Safari | 1996-2000 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra | 2007 | Base |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2001 | C3 |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2001-2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2001-2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2001-2003, 2006-2007 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2002-2007 | Denali |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2002-2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2002 | HT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2002-2005 | Base |
| GMC Sierra 1500 | 2005-2006 | Hybrid |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | Denali |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 1500 Classic | 2007 | Hybrid |
| GMC Sierra 1500 HD | 2001-2003, 2005-2006 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 1500 HD | 2001-2003, 2005-2006 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 1500 HD Classic | 2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 1500 HD Classic | 2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 | 2001-2004 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 | 2001-2002 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 2500 | 2001-2004 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 2500 | 2002-2004 | Base |
| GMC Sierra 2500 | 2003-2004 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD | 2001-2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD | 2001-2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD | 2001-2002, 2006 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD | 2002-2005 | Base |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD | 2003-2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD Classic | 2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD Classic | 2007 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD Classic | 2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 2500 HD Classic | 2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 | 2001-2006 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 3500 | 2001-2002, 2006 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 3500 | 2001-2006 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 | 2002-2005 | Base |
| GMC Sierra 3500 | 2004-2006 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 Classic | 2007 | SLE |
| GMC Sierra 3500 Classic | 2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 Classic | 2007 | SL |
| GMC Sierra 3500 Classic | 2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 HD | 2007 | WT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 HD | 2007 | SLT |
| GMC Sierra 3500 HD | 2007 | SLE |
| GMC Yukon | 2001-2006 | SLE |
| GMC Yukon | 2001-2006 | SLT |
| GMC Yukon | 2001-2006 | Denali |
| GMC Yukon | 2006 | SL |
| Hummer H2 | 2003-2006 | Base |
| Hummer H2 | 2005-2006 | Adventure |
| Hummer H2 | 2005-2006 | Luxury |
| Hummer H3 | 2006-2007 | Luxury |
| Hummer H3 | 2006-2007 | Adventure |
| Hummer H3 | 2006-2007 | Base |
| Hummer H3 | 2007 | X |
| Jeep Commander | 2006-2010 | Limited |
| Jeep Commander | 2006-2007 | Base |
| Jeep Commander | 2006-2010 | Limited Premium |
| Jeep Commander | 2006 | 65th Anniversary Edition |
| Jeep Commander | 2006 | 65 Aniversario |
| Jeep Commander | 2007-2009 | Overland |
| Jeep Commander | 2007-2010 | Sport |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 1996-2001, 2005-2010 | Laredo |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 1996-2001, 2005-2010 | Limited |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 1997-1998 | TSi |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 1997 | Orvis |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 1998 | 5.9 Limited |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2005-2010 | Limited Premium |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2006-2010 | SRT8 |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2006 | 65th Anniversary Edition |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2006-2009 | Overland |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2010 | North Edition |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2010 | SRT |
| Jeep Grand Cherokee | 2010 | S Limited |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | Rubicon |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | Unlimited Rubicon |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | Sahara |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | X |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | Unlimited X |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2007-2011 | Unlimited Sahara |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2009 | X-S |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2010-2011 | Unlimited Sport |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2010 | Unlimited Mountain |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2010-2011 | Sport |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2010 | Islander |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2011 | 70th Anniversary |
| Jeep Wrangler | 2011 | Unlimited 70th Anniversary |
| Lincoln Mark LT | 2006-2008 | Base |
| Lincoln Navigator | 1998-2002 | Base |
| Mercury Mountaineer | 2006 | Luxury |
| Mercury Mountaineer | 2006 | Convenience |
| Mercury Mountaineer | 2006-2010 | Premier |
| Mercury Mountaineer | 2007-2010 | Base |
| Pontiac Aztek | 2001-2005 | Base |
| Pontiac Aztek | 2001 | GT |
| Pontiac Aztek | 2002-2003 | V |
| Pontiac Aztek | 2004-2005 | Rally |
| Saturn Outlook | 2009-2010 | XR |
| Saturn Outlook | 2009-2010 | XE |
| Toyota Sienna | 2004-2005 | XLE Limited |
| Toyota Sienna | 2004-2010 | CE |
| Toyota Sienna | 2004-2010 | LE |
| Toyota Sienna | 2004-2010 | XLE |
| Toyota Sienna | 2006-2010 | Limited |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | S |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Comfortline |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Exclusive |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Prestige |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Highline |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | SE |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | SEL |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Trendline |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2009-2010 | Execline |
| Volkswagen Routan | 2010 | SEL Premium |

BRExhaust is an aftermarket company that distributes and manufactures OE replacement exhaust systems. The company spent years as a trusted supplier of exhaust products to the import vehicle market. Today, the company is recognized as one of the leading exhaust suppliers and is trusted by many automotive brands and professionals alike.
Replacement Exhaust ExpertBRExhaust has been a part of the MagnaFlow Group since 2017. MagnaFlow is one of the top brands when it comes to exhaust systems, and becoming part of this group means BRExhausts shares the same quality and standard the company is known for.
As of 2020, BRExhaust has established its brand as the premier OE replacement exhaust component resource for all import and domestic vehicles.
Quality-Made ProductsThe company aims to provide quality products to all of its customers. By consistently meeting their customer's expectations in product quality, performance, delivery, and services, BRExhaust has gained the trust of thousands of enthusiasts and car aficionados worldwide.
BRExhaust utilizes the advancement in technology in order for them to create products that can adapt to the ever-changing automotive trend. It has established innovative processes and product lines that show a high degree of corporate responsibility.
Purchase BRExhaust At Vivid RacingIf you are in the market for high-quality exhaust systems that fit perfectly into your vehicle, then stop second-guessing and get yours from BRExhaust. To know more about BRExhaust and what they can offer, visit Vivid Racing and check out their list of products that fit your specific requirement.
All mufflers and muffler assemblies (welded units that contain a muffler, but are not part of an exhaust system kit) are warranted for the “life of the vehicle” to the original purchaser, subject to the Standard Warranty terms and conditions listed below. This warranty is not transferable and ceases immediately upon change of vehicle ownership. This policy applies to all units shipped from manufacturer’s location on or after May 1, 2020 and is not retroactive.
BRExhaust warrants all exhaust system parts and exhaust system kits, against defects in workmanship and material for a period of 2 years. This warranty shall not apply to any exhaust system part which has been subject to abnormal use, negligence, or blown out by “backfire”, accident, nor does it cover labor charges or any other claim incidental to replacing a defective part. This warranty only applies to purchases from approved reseller or directly from BRExhaust. All warranty claims must be accompanied by a purchase receipt or invoice.
All claimed defective merchandise is to be held or returned freight prepaid for the inspection by BRExhaust who will make the determination of whether or not merchandise is covered under warranty. BRExhaust does not warranty modified exhaust or emission systems or converters that have been modified or installed on a vehicle for which they have not been cataloged. Any warranties implied in fact or by law (which includes, among others, warranties of merchantability and warranties of fitness for purpose) shall only be valid for one year from the date of purchase of such exhaust system parts.
Same terms and conditions apply as listed under Standard Warranty for Exhaust except that warranty period is for one year on all units.
BRExhaust catalytic converters are warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship. All BRExhaust catalytic converters are designed and manufactured to meet the emissions performance requirements specified by the Federal EPA and/or the California Air Resource Board (CARB). For Federal/ EPA Catalytic Converters: When the vehicle is properly maintained, the catalytic converter is warranted to meet such requirements for 25,000 miles from the date of installation. For California Catalytic Converters: When the vehicle is properly maintained, the catalytic converter is warranted to meet such requirements for 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first, from the date of installation. BRExhaust further warrants catalytic converter’s external shell for 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first, from date of installation.
The BRExhaust warranty is void if the catalytic converter is not properly installed on the vehicle for which it is designed and cataloged, if it has been altered or repaired, or if it has been damaged by negligence, accident or mishandling. BRExhaust assumes no liability for catalytic converter failures related to engines not operating within original equipment specifications, vehicles with an illegal add-on devise or modified part, or the use specialty fuels, lubricants or additives.
BRExhaust warrants end-pipes and other exhaust attachments (those being attached during the original manufacturing process and otherwise unaltered during installation) against defects in material and workmanship, for 2 years, from date of installation, and the Standard Warranty for Exhaust applies to these pieces
For sales in California and installations on vehicles registered in California, this warranty covers the full replacement cost, including parts and labor, for all other sales, this warranty provides a replacement part only, provided that the part is returned to an authorized dealer, along with the proof of purchase and properly completed warranty claim certificate. If the warranty claim relates to emissions performance, proof of failure of emissions inspection test or presence of an OBD-II Diagnostic Trouble Code indicating
Insufficient Catalyst Efficiency must be provided. Documentation showing the vehicle’s current state of tune is also required. BRExhaust reserves the right to determine what constitutes the vehicle’s proper operating condition. No other warranty expressed or implied, including merchantability, applies to the catalytic converter, nor is any person or company authorized to assume any other warranty. BRExhaust does
not assume any responsibility for any consequential damages occasioned by the catalytic converter, or inconvenience or interruption in any operation. The warranty gives you specific legal rights. You may also have other rights that vary from state to state. There is no warranty on 1.) clogged converters, 2.) melted or contaminated substrates, or 3.) noise levels.